Introduction to the Molecular Biology Section in the Pathology Laboratory

The Molecular Biology Section in a Pathology Laboratory is a specialized area focused on the study of genetic material, including DNA and RNA, at the molecular level. It employs various techniques and technologies to analyze and manipulate genetic information, aiding in the diagnosis of genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and the assessment of cancer markers. Samples (blood, tissues, or bodily fluids) for molecular testing undergo extraction of DNA and RNA, to isolate the genetic material of interest.

Molecular Biology Testing:

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences. It is crucial for detecting and quantifying genetic material, identifying pathogens, and studying gene expression.
DNA Sequencing: DNA sequencing technologies enable the determination of the exact order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. This is essential for identifying genetic mutations, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and conducting genomic research.
Genetic Testing: Genetic tests, including DNA sequencing and PCR-based assays, are performed to diagnose inherited genetic disorders, assess cancer susceptibility, and identify genetic markers associated with specific diseases.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): NGS technologies allow for high-throughput sequencing of large genomes and have revolutionized genomic research, enabling the discovery of new genetic variants and molecular markers.
Cancer Profiling: Molecular analysis of tumors helps in identifying specific genetic mutations and biomarkers associated with cancer types. This information guides treatment decisions and prognosis.
Infectious Disease Monitoring: Molecular methods are used to detect and monitor infectious diseases, including viral load quantification and antibiotic resistance testing.